Policy<\/figcaption><\/figure>\nDe acuerdo con Fernando Baz\u00faa y Giovanna Valenti, especialistas en pol\u00edticas p\u00fablicas, de origen el uso del concepto policy implicaba realizar una distinci\u00f3n discursiva, y por tanto cognoscitiva, que al paso del tiempo resultar\u00eda relevante para las ciencias pol\u00edticas y sociales: la diferencia entre la discusi\u00f3n acerca de los fines u objetivos generales del Estado y la discusi\u00f3n acerca de las maneras id\u00f3neas de alcanzarlos, que viene a ser : \u0093\u0085la distinci\u00f3n que hoy hacemos entre discurso pol\u00edtico y discurso t\u00e9cnico. Entre politics y policy. Entre \u0093la\u0094 pol\u00edtica y \u0093las\u0094 pol\u00edticas, o entre decisiones pol\u00edticas y decisiones de pol\u00edtica. Entre pol\u00edtica y t\u00e9cnica\u0094. (Fernando Baz\u00faa y Giovanna Valenti, \u0093Hacia un Enfoque Amplio de Pol\u00edtica P\u00fablica. Configuraci\u00f3n Estatal, Pol\u00edtica Estrat\u00e9gica y Desarrollo en la Segunda Mitad del Siglo XIX\u0094, M\u00e9xico, 1993, ENEP Acatl\u00e1n, UNAM, p. 5.)<\/p>\n
Tal distinci\u00f3n, sumada a muchas otras relacionadas con las diferencias entre discurso cient\u00edfico-social y discurso t\u00e9cnico-social, aportadas por la evoluci\u00f3n del pensamiento pol\u00edtico occidental de los dos \u00faltimos siglos, que les han dotado de formas l\u00f3gicas y discursivas entre s\u00ed, ha derivado en la disimilitud entre la \u0093ciencia social\u0094 y lo que puede llamarse la \u0093ingenier\u00eda de pol\u00edticas\u0094.<\/p>\n
Con el impulso inicial de Harold Laswell – quiz\u00e1s m\u00e1s conocido por sus trabajos sobre el uso de la propaganda y de la formaci\u00f3n de la opini\u00f3n p\u00fablica -, a partir de los cincuenta comenz\u00f3 a abrirse paso, sobre todo en los Estados Unidos, la orientaci\u00f3n de las policy sciences (ciencias de pol\u00edticas), en medio de una b\u00fasqueda por articular sistem\u00e1ticamente ciencia multidisciplinaria con decisi\u00f3n democr\u00e1tica de gobierno, con el prop\u00f3sito fundamental, como lo marcara el propio Lasweell, de la soluci\u00f3n de problemas en el marco del inter\u00e9s p\u00fablico (V\u00e9ase \u0093La Orientaci\u00f3n Hacia las Pol\u00edticas\u0094, texto en el que Harold Laswell presenta su propuesta de las Policy Sciences. En Luis F. Aguilar Villanueva, El estudio de las pol\u00edticas p\u00fablicas, M\u00e9xico, Edit. Porr\u00faa, 1992 , Colecci\u00f3n Antolog\u00edas de Pol\u00edtica P\u00fablica (primera antolog\u00eda), pp. 79- 103.), todo ello con el fin de dar respuesta a la necesidad de mayor conocimiento, en los diversos campos, para abordar con eficacia y responsabilidad problemas sociales m\u00e1s complejos.<\/p>\n
As\u00ed, las nuevas ciencias de pol\u00edticas surgieron con una vocaci\u00f3n multidisciplinaria, con un compromiso valorativo fundamental de tipo humanista, con la idea liberal-libertaria de la pol\u00edtica y de la democracia, orient\u00e1ndose a problemas y dejando fuera de su consideraci\u00f3n las decisiones autoritarias, ajenas al imperativo de la racionalidad.(Para mayores detalles sobre el surgimiento y naturaleza de las ciencias de pol\u00edticas, v\u00e9ase el trabajo de Luis F. Aguilar Villanueva (op. cit.), \u0093Estudio Introductorio\u0094, pp. 15-88. Dicho autor se\u00f1ala que la nueva disciplina se marc\u00f3 el objetivo de ofrecer, con base en los conocimientos de las ciencias sociales, las ciencias naturales y las ciencias de la decisi\u00f3n y la gesti\u00f3n, \u0093m\u00e9todos anal\u00edticos, informaci\u00f3n pertinente y conocimiento, con el prop\u00f3sito de incrementar la racionalidad de la construcci\u00f3n, examen, selecci\u00f3n y desarrollo de las opciones de pol\u00edtica\u0094. Asimismo, advierte que las ciencias de pol\u00edticas surgen como un esfuerzo que arranca de la teor\u00eda positiva, que busca saber \u0093c\u00f3mo y por qu\u00e9 determinados problemas son calificados de p\u00fablicos y a otros se les niega tal calidad (\u0085), c\u00f3mo y por qu\u00e9 los gobiernos tienden a elegir ciertos cursos de acci\u00f3n, a privilegiar ciertos instrumentos (\u0085), a descartar otros cursos, instrumentos, operadores, aspectos\u0094 (p. 52).)<\/p>\n
De este modo, de acuerdo a los autores mencionados, puede decirse que el t\u00e9rmino anglosaj\u00f3n policy -para el cual parece no haber un t\u00e9rmino equivalente en espa\u00f1ol-, se refiere a \u0093la dimensi\u00f3n t\u00e9cnica de toda decisi\u00f3n social\u0094,(F. Baz\u00faa y Valenti, op. cit., p. 5.) expresada en la definici\u00f3n de una ruta de acci\u00f3n o estrategia para alcanzar los fines u objetivos a perseguir, mientras que la \u0093dimensi\u00f3n pol\u00edtica\u0094 es a la que le corresponde la definici\u00f3n de tales objetivos. Se trata, pues, de una relaci\u00f3n complementaria en la que convive el estudio puramente cient\u00edfico (politol\u00f3gico) del funcionamiento del Estado, con el estudio t\u00e9cnico prescriptivo (de pol\u00edtica) de los problemas p\u00fablicos. Ahora bien, para los prop\u00f3sitos de este trabajo, es preciso recalcar la estrecha relaci\u00f3n de las decisiones de pol\u00edticas (policy) con la configuraci\u00f3n del Estado, que les otorga un sentido determinado. Existe pues, una correspondencia entre ambos factores.<\/p>\n
En este punto conviene a nuestro juicio, aun brevemente, a prop\u00f3sito de la tradicional y ampliamente extendida en nuestro pa\u00eds identidad conceptual entre problemas gubernamentales y problemas p\u00fablicos, destacar las precisiones que al respecto marcan Baz\u00faa y Valenti, en t\u00e9rminos de las implicaciones que aqu\u00e9lla puede reportar para la problem\u00e1tica de las pol\u00edticas ante la construcci\u00f3n de la Sociedad de la Informaci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n
Debido a que las sociedades en las que emergi\u00f3 el nuevo campo de las policy sciences y se ha desarrollado mayormente hasta ahora -sobretodo los Estados Unidos, Gran Breta\u00f1a y otros pa\u00edses europeos – han venido presentando una configuraci\u00f3n estatal democr\u00e1tica en mayor o menor grado, y por tanto el Estado responde sistem\u00e1ticamente al inter\u00e9s p\u00fablico, en tanto inter\u00e9s del \u0093p\u00fablico ciudadano\u0094, es normalmente asumido, como lo se\u00f1alan los autores mencionados, que tal soluci\u00f3n de problemas se refiera a aqu\u00e9llos que debe enfrentar y resolver todo gobierno en una sociedad democr\u00e1tica. Ello ocurre dentro de un marco jur\u00eddico-constitucional y un sistema pol\u00edtico que permiten el \u0093acotamiento social y pol\u00edtico del gobernante en turno, para minimizar la probabilidad de abuso del poder de \u00e9ste y elevar la posibilidad de que sus pol\u00edticas, decisiones y acciones sean \u00fatiles al inter\u00e9s p\u00fablico\u0094.(Idem, p. 9.)<\/p>\n
De tal manera, en esas latitudes se asume una identidad conceptual casi absoluta entre problemas p\u00fablicos y problemas gubernamentales, equivalencia que en esos contextos incluso se extiende a las pol\u00edticas (policy) que se ponen en pr\u00e1ctica, a las que por tal raz\u00f3n en general se les denomina pol\u00edticas p\u00fablicas, porque, como lo reiteran los autores citados, se parte siempre del supuesto de la existencia de un Estado democr\u00e1tico.<\/p>\n
A prop\u00f3sito de este punto, cabe se\u00f1alar que no ocurre lo mismo en el caso del Estado mexicano, en cuyo entorno, si bien tradicionalmente se ha venido adoptando casi de modo indistinto tal equivalencia o sinonimia entre pol\u00edticas gubernamentales y pol\u00edticas p\u00fablicas, desde nuestra perspectiva a\u00fan no es posible referirse propiamente a la existencia de estas \u00faltimas como una pr\u00e1ctica instaurada s\u00f3lidamente en el ejercicio de gobierno. Sin embargo, es preciso hacer notar que a partir del a\u00f1o 2000 se ha buscado poner en marcha el proceso de las pol\u00edticas p\u00fablicas como paradigma para la tarea gubernamental, aunque a\u00fan sin la consolidaci\u00f3n de aspectos fundamentales para su puesta en pr\u00e1ctica que tienen que ver con la evoluci\u00f3n de la etapa de la transici\u00f3n pol\u00edtica, como la Reforma del Estado y la construcci\u00f3n de una ciudadan\u00eda participativa e informada.<\/p>\n
Fue as\u00ed como el debate sobre la pol\u00edtica o las pol\u00edticas deriv\u00f3 en la corriente de las pol\u00edticas p\u00fablicas, de particular importancia para este trabajo, en t\u00e9rminos de la construcci\u00f3n posible de una Sociedad de la Informaci\u00f3n y el Conocimiento con participaci\u00f3n de la sociedad y con condiciones de mayor equidad en el acceso, uso y propiedad de las TIC\u0092s.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\u00bfQu\u00e9 es una pol\u00edtica? Es \u00e9sta una pregunta fundamental para la cual son necesarias respuestas claras de frente a la complejidad de la construcci\u00f3n de la Sociedad de la Informaci\u00f3n, un proyecto de gran magnitud que exige una toma de decisiones pertinente para la particular situaci\u00f3n de un pa\u00eds, en t\u00e9rminos del curso de acci\u00f3n […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":623,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[95],"tags":[673,674,675,676,672,670,671,594],"class_list":["post-622","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ciencias-sociales","tag-fernando-bazua","tag-giovanna-valenti","tag-harold-laswell","tag-luis-f-aguilar-villanueva","tag-policy","tag-politica","tag-politics","tag-sociedad-de-la-informacion"],"yoast_head":"\n
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