{"id":519,"date":"2014-11-18T21:39:30","date_gmt":"2014-11-19T03:39:30","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.on-school.com\/blog\/?p=519"},"modified":"2014-12-02T21:45:28","modified_gmt":"2014-12-03T03:45:28","slug":"antecedentes-historicos-de-la-computadora","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.on-school.com\/blog\/antecedentes-historicos-de-la-computadora\/","title":{"rendered":"Antecedentes hist\u00f3ricos de la computadora"},"content":{"rendered":"

Las computadoras son quiz\u00e1 la tecnolog\u00eda que hoy d\u00eda mejor alimenta las esperanzas de mejora substancial en los procesos formativos, aunque hasta la fecha a\u00fan no se hayan producido dichas mejoras.(RUIZ, F; Ortega, M.; Bravo, J. y Prieto, M. (1996); Nuevas Herramientas Tecnol\u00f3gicas para la Realizaci\u00f3n de Cursos por Computador; Revista de Ense\u00f1anza y Tecnolog\u00eda, N\u00ba, marzo de 1996; edita la Asociaci\u00f3n para el Desarrollo de la Inform\u00e1tica Educativa (ADIE).) divide la historia de la CAI (“Computer Assisted Instruction o Instruccion Asistida por Ordenador”) en cuatro per\u00edodos:<\/p>\n

Desde 1946, a\u00f1o en que surgi\u00f3 la primera m\u00e1quina computadora electr\u00f3nica, el avance y desarrollo en esta esfera ha alcanzado l\u00edmites insospechados. Las m\u00e1quinas computadoras han provocado una verdadera revoluci\u00f3n en el orden social y econ\u00f3mico y la primera generaci\u00f3n de m\u00e1quinas electr\u00f3nicas en la d\u00e9cada de los a\u00f1os cuarenta, basados en tubos al vac\u00edo signific\u00f3 la entrada a una nueva era de la Computaci\u00f3n, la era electr\u00f3nica cuyo desarrollo ha sido muy vertiginoso.<\/p>\n

\"Primeras<\/a>
Primeras Computadoras<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

La CAI surge en los a\u00f1os 50, apoyada en sistemas mec\u00e1nicos o electromec\u00e1nicos sobre los que se implementaban programas lineales basados en el principio de respuesta activa. Estas aplicaciones estaban influidas por la teor\u00eda psicol\u00f3gica conductista. Siguiendo sus principios, el conocimiento a transmitir se organizaba en bloques de texto con un orden fijo de presentaci\u00f3n, existiendo una pregunta al final de cada bloque que el alumno deb\u00eda contestar correctamente. Pero las respuestas del estudiante no se ten\u00edan en cuenta para modificar el comportamiento del programa(FERNANDEZ, B.; Vaquero, A.; Fern\u00e1ndez-Valmayor, A. y Hern\u00e1ndez, L. (1997); Inform\u00e1tica educativa: revisi\u00f3n y an\u00e1lisis de los problemas de la utilizaci\u00f3n de las computadoras en la ense\u00f1anza; en Inform\u00e1tica y Autom\u00e1tica, vol. 30, n\u00ba3.p. 18)<\/p>\n

Para paliar las grandes limitaciones de estos sistemas aparece en los a\u00f1os 60 la programaci\u00f3n ramificada, en la cual se emplean las respuestas del estudiante para controlar el material que se le muestra. La informaci\u00f3n sigue estando prefijada, pero se expone o no dependiendo de las respuestas obtenidas. El dise\u00f1o e implementaci\u00f3n de estos sistemas era complejo, lleg\u00e1ndose a desarrollar m\u00e1quinas de prop\u00f3sito espec\u00edfico para tareas de formaci\u00f3n concretas. Para disminuir esta complejidad, aparecen los “lenguajes de autor”, que evolucionan a los “sistemas de autor”(FERNANDEZ, B.; Vaquero, A.; Fern\u00e1ndez-Valmayor, A. y Hern\u00e1ndez, L. (1997); Inform\u00e1tica educativa: revisi\u00f3n y an\u00e1lisis de los problemas de la utilizaci\u00f3n de las computadoras en la ense\u00f1anza; en Inform\u00e1tica y Autom\u00e1tica, vol. 30, n\u00ba3.p. 22)<\/p>\n

A principio de los a\u00f1os 60 los ordenadores o computadoras, se convierten en la base de los sistemas de ense\u00f1anza automatizada, gracias a sus posibilidades de adaptaci\u00f3n y a su flexibilidad. En estos a\u00f1os se desarrollan en Estados Unidos proyectos como el “Computer Applications Laboratory” para la ense\u00f1anza de la aritm\u00e9tica binaria de la Universidad de Florida, y los proyectos CLASS y PLATO, en los que el estudiante pod\u00eda responder a preguntas de elecci\u00f3n m\u00faltiple. Mientras tanto, en Espa\u00f1a la Universidad Complutense de Madrid desarrollaba en 1965 un primer proyecto de este tipo.<\/p>\n

Con la d\u00e9cada de los 70 se inaugura una \u00e9poca de pesimismo generalizado; es en este periodo donde las computadoras entran en crisis, puesto que se habla de fracaso, aunque la mayor parte de los proyectos hab\u00eda conseguido sus objetivos, y se hab\u00edan hecho avances importantes, como los sistemas “generativos” (en los que el propio ordenador genera autom\u00e1ticamente parte del material que se presenta al estudiante, a partir de una estrategia de ense\u00f1anza determinada) y las primeras aplicaciones de la inteligencia artificial al desarrollo de entornos de aprendizaje.<\/p>\n

Por ello es quiz\u00e1 m\u00e1s propio hablar de un cierto estancamiento, debido fundamentalmente a la falta de madurez de la tecnolog\u00eda inform\u00e1tica: equipos muy caros que ofrec\u00edan muy escasas prestaciones en contrapartida.<\/p>\n

Esta situaci\u00f3n cambia radicalmente desde comienzos de los 80, con la aparici\u00f3n de los ordenadores personales. A partir de ese momento, la tecnolog\u00eda inform\u00e1tica invade todas las facetas de la sociedad, incluido el mundo educativo. El espectacular abaratamiento de los equipos y el impresionante desarrollo tecnol\u00f3gico de los \u00faltimos a\u00f1os ha servido de motor a la CAI, que ve como sus posibilidades crecen d\u00eda a d\u00eda. En los pelda\u00f1os m\u00e1s recientes de esta vertiginosa ascensi\u00f3n se situar\u00edan las tecnolog\u00edas multimedia y, como no, Internet.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Las computadoras son quiz\u00e1 la tecnolog\u00eda que hoy d\u00eda mejor alimenta las esperanzas de mejora substancial en los procesos formativos, aunque hasta la fecha a\u00fan no se hayan producido dichas mejoras.(RUIZ, F; Ortega, M.; Bravo, J. y Prieto, M. (1996); Nuevas Herramientas Tecnol\u00f3gicas para la Realizaci\u00f3n de Cursos por Computador; Revista de Ense\u00f1anza y Tecnolog\u00eda, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":520,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[534],"tags":[537,539,964,535,541,538,440,536,540],"class_list":["post-519","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-computacion","tag-asociacion-para-el-desarrollo-de-la-informatica-educativa","tag-class","tag-computacion","tag-computadora","tag-computer-applications-laboratory","tag-computer-assisted-instruction","tag-internet","tag-ordenador","tag-plato"],"yoast_head":"\nAntecedentes hist\u00f3ricos de la computadora - 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